The most significant recent advances are numerous and relate to molecular imaging advances. Among these are molecular probes such as FDG PET, dynamic contrast enhanced MRI and the use of tumour volumes for cancer trials rather than the sum of maximum diameter of the tumour lesions. In the pre-clinical arena, optical imaging is making very rapid progress in interrogating model systems in interesting ways. Imaging biomarkers also permit the actual visualisation of the Pharmacodynamic effects of drugs and responses to treatment, accelerating the drug development process while dramatically decreasing both time and cost.